Alexander Pope’s the Rape of the Lock Essay

The Rape of the Lock begins with a passage offlining the subject of the verse form and invoking the aid of the muse. Then the sun ( sol) appears to initiate the leisurely morning routines of a wealthy household. Lapdogs shake themselves awake, bells begin to ring, and although it is already noon, Belinda still sleeps. She has been dreaming, and we learn that her guardian Sylph, Ariel, has sent the dream. The dream is of a beauteous youth who tells her that she is protected by unnumbered Spiritsan army of supernatural beings who in one case lived on earth as hu serviceman women. The youth explains that they ar the occult guardians of womens worthiness, although the credit is usu solelyy mistakenly given to Honor rather than to their divine stewardship. Of these Spirits, nonpareil particular groupthe Sylphs, who wait in the air suffice as Belindas personal guardians they are devoted, lover- wish, to any woman that rejects mankind, and they to a lower placestand and reward the vanities of an elegant and frivolous lady like Belinda.Ariel, the chief of all Belindas puckish protectors, warns her in the dream that some dread event is going to be affect her that day, though he can tell her nothing more detail than that she should beware of Man Then Belinda awakes, to the licking tongue of her lapdog, Shock. Upon the delivery of a billet-doux, or love-letter, she forgets all about the dream. She and so proceeds to her dressing table and goes done an elaborate ritual of dressing, in which her own image in the mirror is described as a heavenly image, a goddess. The Sylphs, unseen, assist their charge as she prepares herself for the days activities.CommentaryThe opening of the poem establishes its mock-heroic style. pontiff introduces the conventional epic subjects of love and war and includes an invocation to the muse and a dedication to the man (the historical John Caryll) who commissioned the poem. un slight the tone already indicates that the high serious ness of these traditional topics has suffered a diminishment. The encourage line confirms in explicit scathe what the first line already suggests the amrous causes the poem describes are not comparable to the grand loveof Greek heroes unless rather represent a trivialized version of that emotion. The contests Pope alludes to entrust prove to be the right way simply in an ironic sense. They are beleaguer- plump fors and flirtatious tussles, not the great battles of epic tradition. Belinda is not, like Helen of Troy, the face that launched a thousand ships (see the SparkNote on The Iliad), but rather a face thatalthough also elegantprompts a lot of foppish nonsense.The first cardinal verse-paragraphs emphasize the comic inappropriateness of the epic style (and corresponding mind-set) to the subject at hand. Pope achieves this discrepancy at the level of the line and half-line the reader is meant to dwell on the incompatibility between the two sides of his parallel formulation s. Thus, in this world, it is little men who in tasks so bold engage and soft bosoms are the dwelling-place for mighty rage. In this startling juxtaposition of the petty and the grand, the former is real while the latter is ironic. In mock epic, the high heroic style works not to dignify the subject but rather to expose and ridicule it. Therefore, the basic irony of the style supports the substance of the poems satire, which attacks the misguided values of a society that takes small matters for serious ones while failing to attend to issues of genuine importance. With Belindas dream, Pope introduces the machinery of the poemthe supernatural causes that influence the action from behind the scenes.Here, the sprites that detect over Belinda are meant to mimic the gods of the Greek and Roman traditions, who are sometimes benevolent and sometimes malicious, but always intimately involved in earthly events. The scheme also makes use of other ancient hi successionrchies and systems of o rder. Ariel explains that womens spirits, when they die, return to their first Elements. Each womanly personality type (these types correspond to the quaternary humours) is converted into a particular kind of sprite. These gnomes, sylphs, salamanders, and nymphs, in turn, are associated with the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water. The airy sylphs are those who in their lifetimes were light Coquettes they have a particular extend to for Belinda because she is of this type, and this will be the aspect of feminine nature with which the poem is most concerned. Indeed, Pope already begins to sketch this character of the coquette in this initial canto. He draws the portrait indirectly, through characteristics of the Sylphs rather than of Belinda herself.Their priorities reveal that the central concerns ofwomanhood, at least for women of Belindas class, are tender ones. Womans joy in rattling(a) Chariots indicates an obsession with pomp and superficial splendor, while love o f Ombre, a fashionable card game, suggests frivolity. The erotic charge of this well-disposed world in turn prompts other central concern the protection of chastity. These are women who value above all the prospect marrying to advantage, and they have learned at an early age how to promote themselves and contain their suitors without compromising themselves. The Sylphs become an allegory for the mannered conventions that govern feminine social behavior. Principles like honor and chastity have become no more than another(prenominal) part of conventional interaction.Pope makes it clear that these women are not conducting themselves on the basis of abstract moral principles, but are governed by an elaborate social mechanismof which the Sylphs cut a fitting caricature. And while Popes technique of employing supernatural machinery allows him to critique this situation, it also helps to keep the satire light and to put dismantle individual women from too severe a judgment. If Belind a has all the typical female foibles, Pope wants us to recognize that it is partly because she has been educated and trained to act in this way. The society as a whole is as much to blame as she is. Nor are men exempt from this judgment. The competition among the young lords for the attention of beautiful ladies is depicted as a battle of vanity, as wigs with wigs, with sword-knots sword-knots strive.Popes phrases here expose an absurd attention to exhibitions of pride and ostentation. He emphasizes the inanity of lancinate so closely between things and people that are essentially the same in all important (and even most unimportant) respects. Popes limning of Belinda at her dressing table introduces mock-heroic motifs that will run through the poem. The scene of her comprehendette is rendered first as a religious sacrament, in which Belinda herself is the priestess and her image in the looking glass is the Goddess she serves. This parody of the religious rites before a battle gi ves way, then, to another kind of mock-epic scene, that of the ritualized arming of the hero. Combs, pins, and cosmetics take the place of artillerys as awful salmon pink puts on all its arms.Canto 2SummaryBelinda, rivaling the sun in her radiance, sets out by boat on the river Thames for Hampton act Palace. She is accompanied by a companionship of glitzy ladies (Nymphs) and gentlemen, but is far and away the most striking member of the group. Popes description of her charms includes the sparkling Cross she wore on her washcloth breast, her quick eyeball and lively looks, and the easy grace with which she bestows her smiles and attentions evenly among all the adoring guests. Her crowning glories, though, are the two ringlets that dangle on her ivry neck. These curls are described as loves labyrinths, specifically designed to ensnare any poor heart who might get entangled in them.One of the young gentlemen on the boat, the powerfulness, particularly admires Belindas locks, and has determined to buy them for himself. We read that he rose early that morning to build an altar to love and pray for success in this project. He sacrificed several tokens of his former affections, including garters, gloves, and billet-doux (love-letters). He then prostrated himself before a pyre built with all the trophies of his former loves, fanning its flames with his amrous sighs. The gods listened to his prayer but immovable to grant only half of it. As the pleasure-boat continues on its way, everyone is carefree except Ariel, who remembers that some bad event has been foretold for the day. He summons an army of sylphs, who assemble roughly him in their iridescent peach tree.He reminds them with great ceremony that one of their duties, later regulating celestial bodies and the weather and guarding the British monarch, is to tend the Fair to keep watch over ladies powders, perfumes, curls, and clothing, and to assist their blushes, and inspire their airs. Therefore, sinc e some dire disaster threatens Belinda, Ariel assigns her an extensive troop of bodyguards. Brillante is to guard her earrings, Momentilla her watch, and Crispissa her locks. Ariel himself will protect Shock, the lapdog. A band of fifty Sylphs will guard the all-important petticoat. Ariel pronounces that any sylph who neglects his assigned duty will be severely punished. They disperse to their posts and wait for fate to unfold.CommentaryFrom the first, Pope describes Belindas steady as something divine, an assessment which she herself corroborates in the first canto when shecreates, at least metaphorically, an altar to her own image. This praise is certainly in some sense ironical, reflecting negatively on a system of public values in which external characteristics rank higher than moral or intellectual ones. But Pope also shows a real reverence for his heroines physical and social charms, claiming in lines 1718 that these are compelling enough to cause one to forget her female err ors. Certainly he has some interest in flattering Arabella Fermor, the real-life woman on whom Belinda is based in order for his poem to achieve the desired reconciliation, it essential not offend (see Context. Pope also exhibits his appreciation for the ways in which physical beauty is an art form he recognizes, with a compartmentalization of censure and awe, the concomitant that Belindas legendary locks of hair, which appear so natural and spontaneous, are actually a carefully contrived effect.In this, the mysteries of the ladys dressing table are akin, perhaps, to Popes own literary art, which he describes elsewhere as nature to advantage dressd. If the secret mechanisms and techniques of female beauty get at least a passing nod of appreciation from the author, he nevertheless suggests that the general human readiness to worship beauty amounts to a kind of sacrilege. The cross that Belinda wears around her neck serves a more ornamental than symbolic or religious function. Beca use of this, he says, it can be adored by Jews and Infidels as readily as by Christians. And there is some ambiguity about whether any of the admirers are really valuing the cross itself, or the white breast on which it liesor the felicitous effect of the whole. The index, of course, is the most significant of those who worship at the altar of Belindas beauty. The ritual sacrifices he performs in the pre-dawn hours are another mock-heroic element of the poem, mimicking the epic tradition of sacrificing to the gods before an important battle or journey, and drapes his project with an absurdly grand import that actually only exposes its triviality.The fact that he discards all his other love tokens in these preparations reveals his capriciousness as a lover. Earnest prayer, in this parodic scene, is replaced by the self-indulgent sighs of the lover. By having the gods grant only half of what the king asks, Pope alludes to the epic convention by which the favor of the gods is only a mixed blessing in epic poems, to win the sponsorship of one god is to incur the wrath of another divine gifts, such as immortality, can seem a blessing but become acurse. Yet in this poem, the ramifications of a prayer half granted are negligible rather than tragic it merely means that he will manage to steal just one lock rather than both of them. In the first canto, the religious imagery surrounding Belindas grooming rituals gave way to a militaristic conceit. Here, the same pattern holds. Her curls are compared to a trap perfectly calibrated to ensnare the enemy. Yet the character of female coyness is such that it seeks simultaneously to take in and repel, so that the counterpart to the enticing ringlets is the formidable petticoat.This undergarment is described as a defensive armament comparable to the Shield of Achilles (see Scroll XVIII of The Iliad), and support in its function of protecting the maidens chastity by the invisible might of fifty Sylphs. The Sylphs, who are Be lindas protectors, are essentially aerated to protect her not from failure but from too great a success in attracting men. This paradoxical situation dramatizes the contradictory values and motives implied in the eras sexual conventions. In this canto, the sexual allegory of the poem begins to come into fuller view. The title of the poem already associates the cutting of Belindas hair with a more explicit sexual conquest, and here Pope cultivates that suggestion. He multiplies his sexually metaphorical language for the incident, adding words like ravish and betray to the rape of the title.He also slips in some commentary on the implications of his societys sexual mores, as when he remarks that when success a Lovers toil attends, / few ask, if fraud or force attaind his ends. When Ariel speculates about the possible forms the dire disaster might take, he includes a breach of chastity (Dianas law), the breaking of china (another allusion to the loss of virginity), and the staining of honor or a gown (the two incommensurate events could happen equally easily and accidentally). He also mentions some pettier social disasters against which the Sylphs are equally prepared to fight, like absent a ball (here, as grave as missing prayers) or losing the lapdog. In the Sylphs defensive efforts, Belindas petticoat is the battlefield that requires the most extensive fortifications. This fact furthers the idea that the rape of the lock stands in for a oral rape, or at least represents a threat to her chastity more serious than just the mere theft of a curl.SummaryThe boat arrives at Hampton Court Palace, and the ladies and gentlemen disembark to their courtly amusements. After a pleasant round of chatting and gossip, Belinda sits eat with two of the men to a game of cards. They play ombre, a one-third-handed game of tricks and trumps, somewhat like bridge, and it is described in terms of a heroic battle the cards are troops combating on the velvet plain of the card-table . Belinda, under the watchful care of the Sylphs, begins favorably. She declares spades as trumps and leads with her highest cards, sure of success. Soon, however, the hand takes a turn for the worse when to the Baron fate inclines the field he catches her king of clubs with his queen and then leads certify with his high diamonds. Belinda is in danger of being beaten, but recovers in the last trick so as to just barely win back the amount she bid.The next ritual amusement is the serving of coffee. The curling vapors of the steaming coffee remind the Baron of his intention to attempt Belindas lock. Clarissa draws out her scissors for his use, as a lady would arm a knight in a romance. Taking up the scissors, he tries three times to mag the lock from behind without Belinda seeing. The Sylphs endeavor furiously to intervene, blowing the hair out of harms way and tweaking her diamond earring to make her turn around. Ariel, in a last-minute effort, gains access to her brain, where he is surprised to find an earthly lover lurking at her heart. He gives up protecting her then the implication is that she secretly wants to be violated. Finally, the lop close on the curl. A daring sylph jumps in between the blades and is cut in two but being a supernatural creature, he is speedily restored. The deed is done, and the Baron exults while Belindas screams fill the air.CommentaryThis canto is full of classic examples of Popes masterful use of the heroic couplet. In introducing Hampton Court Palace, he describes it as the place where Queen Anne dost sometimes counsel takeand sometimes tea. This line employs a zeugma, a rhetorical device in which a word or phrase modifies two other words or phrases in a parallel construction, but modifies each in a diametrical way or according to a different sense. Here, the modifying word is take it applies to the paralleled terms counsel and tea. But one doesnot take tea in the same way one takes counsel, and the effect of the zeugma i s to show the royal residence as a place that houses both serious matters of state and frivolous social occasions. The reader is asked to contemplate that paradox and to reflect on the relative value and importance of these two different registers of activity. (For another example of this rhetorical technique, see lines 1578 Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast, / when husbands, or when lapdogs breathe their last.)A similar point is made, in a less compact phrasing, in the second and third verse-paragraphs of this canto. Here, against the gossip and chatter of the young lords and ladies, Pope opens a window onto more serious matters that are occurring meanwhile and elsewhere, including criminal trials and executions, and economic exchange. The rendering of the card game as a battle constitutes an amusing and deft narrative feat. By parodying the battle scenes of the great epic poems, Pope is suggesting that the energy and passion once applied to brave and serious purposes i s now expended on such insignificant trials as games and gambling, which often become a mere front for flirtation.The structure of the three attempts by which the lock is cut is a convention of heroic challenges, particularly in the romance genre. The romance is further invoked in the image of Clarissa arming the Baronnot with a real weapon, however, but with a pair of sewing scissors. Belinda is not a real adversary, or course, and Pope makes it plain that her resistanceand, by implication, her subsequent distressis to some degree an affectation. The melodrama of her screams is complemented by the ironic comparison of the Barons feat to the conquest of nations.Belindas anxious cares and secret passions after the loss of her lock are equal to the emotions of all who have ever known rage, resentment and despair. After the disappointed Sylphs withdraw, an earthy gnome called Umbriel flies down to the Cave of Spleen. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bl oodstream, was traditionally associated with the passions, particularly malaise spleen is a synonym for ill-temper.) In his descent he passes through Belindas bedroom, where she lies prostrate with disconcertion and the headache. She is attended bytwo handmaidens, Ill-Nature and Affectation. Umbriel passes safely through this melancholy chamber, holding a sprig of spleenwort before him as a charm. He addresses the Goddess of Spleen, and returns with a foundation of sighs, sobs, and passions and a vial of sorrow, grief, and tears. He unleashes the first bag on Belinda, fueling her ire and despair.There to commiserate with Belinda is her friend Thalestris. (In Greek mythology, Thalestris is the name of one of the Amazons, a race of warrior women who excluded men from their society.) Thalestris delivers a speech calculated to further foment Belindas indignation and urge her to avenge herself. She then goes to Sir Plume, her beau, to ask him to demand that the Baron return the hair. Si r Plume makes a weak and slang-filled speech, to which the Baron disdainfully refuses to acquiesce. At this, Umbriel releases the contents of the remaining vial, throwing Belinda into a fit of sorrow and self-pity. With beauteous grief she bemoans her fate, regrets not having heeded the dream-warning, and laments the lonely, pitiful state of her sole remaining curl.CommentaryThe canto opens with a list of examples of rage, resentment, and despair, comparing on an equal footing the pathos of kings imprisoned in battle, of women who become old maids, of evil-doers who die without being saved, and of a woman whose dress is disheveled. By placing such disparate sorts of aggravation in parallel, Pope accentuates the absolute fate of assigning them to some rank of moral import. The effect is to chastise a social world that fails to make these distinctions. Umbriels journey to the Cave of Spleen mimics the journeys to the perdition made by both Odysseus and Aeneas. Pope uses psychologic al allegory (for the spleen was the seat of malaise or melancholy), as a way of exploring the sources and nature of Belindas feelings. The presence of Ill-nature and Affectation as handmaidens serves to indicate that her grief is less than pure (affected or put-on), and that her display of temper has hidden motives. We learn that her sorrow is ornamental in much the same way the curl was it gives her the occasion, for example, to wear a new nightdress.The speech of Thalestris invokes a courtly ethic. She encourages Belinda to think about the Barons misdeed as an affront to her honor, and draws on ideals of chivalry indemanding that Sir Plume challenge the Baron in defense of Belindas honor. He makes a tidy sum of the task, showing how far from courtly behavior this generation of gentlemen has fallen. Sir Plumes speech is riddled with foppish slang and has none of the logical, moral, or oratorical power that a knight should properly wield. This attention to questions of honor retur ns us to the sexual allegory of the poem. The real danger, Thalestris suggests, is that the ravisher might display the lock and make it a source of public humiliation to Belinda and, by association, to her friends. Thus the real question is a superficial onepublic reputationrather than the moral coercive to chastity. Belindas own words at the close of the canto corroborate this suggestion she exclaims, Oh, hadst thou, cruel been content to seize / Hairs less in sight, or any hairs but these (The hairs less in sight suggest her pubic hair).Pope is pointing out the degree to which she values outward appearance (whether beauty or reputation) above all else she would rather suffer a breach to her integrity than a breach to her appearance. The Baron remains impassive against all the ladies tears and reproaches. Clarissa delivers a speech in which she questions why a society that so adores beauty in women does not also place a value on honourable sense and good humour. Women are frequen tly called angels, she argues, but without reference to the moral qualities of these creatures. Especially since beauty is necessarily so short-lived, we must have something more substantial and permanent to fall back on. This sensible, moralizing speech falls on deaf ears, however, and Belinda, Thalestris and the rest ignore her and proceed to launch an all-out attack on the offending Baron.A chaotic tussle ensues, with the gnome Umbriel presiding in a posture of self- congratulation. The gentlemen are slain or revived according to the smiles and frowns of the fair ladies. Belinda and the Baron meet in combat and she emerges victorious by peppering him with smell and drawing her bodkin. Having achieved a position of advantage, she again demands that he return the lock. But the ringlet has been lost in the chaos, and cannot be found. The poet avers that the lock has risen to the heavenly spheres to become a star stargazers may admire it now for all eternity. In this way, the poet r easons, it will attract more invidia than it ever could on earth.CommentaryReaders have often interpreted Clarissas speech as the voice of the poetexpressing the moral of the story. Certainly, her orations thesis aligns with Popes professed task of putting the dispute between the two families into a more reasonable perspective. But Popes position achieves more complexness than Clarissas speech, since he has used the occasion of the poem as a vehicle to critically address a number of broader societal issues as well. And Clarissas righteous stance loses authority in light of the fact that it was she who originally gave the Baron the scissors. Clarissas failure to inspire a reconciliation proves that the quarrel is itself a kind of flirtatious game that all parties are enjoying. The description of the battle has a markedly erotic quality, as ladies and lords wallow in their mock-agonies. Sir Plume draws Clarissa down in a sexual way, and Belinda flies on her foe with flashing eyes and an erotic ardor. When Pope informs us that the Baron fights on unafraid because he sought no more than on his foe to die, the expression means that his goal all a grand was sexual consummation.This final battle is the culmination of the long sequence of mock-heroic military actions. Pope invokes by name the Roman gods who were most active in warfare, and he alludes as well to the Aeneid , comparing the stoic Baron to Aeneas (the Trojan), who had to leave his love to become the founder of Rome. Belindas tossing of the snuff makes a perfect turning point, ideally suited to the scale of this trivial battle. The snuff causes the Baron to sneeze, a comic and decidedly unheroic thing for a hero to do. The bodkin, too, serves nicely here a bodkin is a decorative hairpin, not the weapon of ancient days (or even of Hamlets time). Still, Pope gives the pin an elaborate history in accordance with the conventions of true epic.The mock-heroic conclusion of the poem is designed to compliment the lady it alludes to (Arabella Fermor), while also giving the poet himself due credit for being the instrument of her immortality. This ending effectively indulges the heroines vanity, even though the poem has functioned throughout as a critique of that vanity. And no real moral development has taken place Belinda is asked to come to terms with her loss through a kind of bribe or distraction that reinforces her basically frivolous outlook. But even in its most mocking moments, this poem is a gentle one, in which Pope shows a basic sympathy with the social world in spite of its folly and foibles. The searing critiques of his later satires would be much more stringent and less forgiving.